Persistence of immunity against hepatitis A in Brazilian children vaccinated with a single dose of inactivated virus vaccine.

In 2014, the Brazilian National Immunization Program implemented the universal vaccination against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) for children aged 12 months and older, applying a single dose of the inactivated virus vaccine. It is essential to carry out follow-up studies in this population, aiming to verify the longevity of HAV immunological memory. This study evaluated the humoral and cellular immune response of a cohort of children vaccinated between 2014 and 2015, and further investigated between 2015 and 2016, and who had their initial antibody response assessed after the single dose. A second evaluation took place in January 2022. We examined 109 children out of the 252 that took part in the initial cohort. Seventy (64.2%) of them had anti-HAV IgG antibodies. Cellular immune response assays were performed in 37 anti-HAV-negative and 30 anti-HAV-positive children. Production of interferon-gamma (IFN-y) stimulated with the VP1 antigen was demonstrated in 34.3% of these 67 samples. Of the 37 negative anti-HAV samples, 12 (32.4%) produced IFN-y. Among the 30 anti-HAV-positive, 11 (36.7%) produced IFN-y. In total, 82 (76.6%) children presented some type of immune response against HAV. These findings demonstrate the persistence of immunological memory against HAV in the majority of children vaccinated between 6 and 7 years with a single dose of the inactivated virus vaccine.

Choosing wisely recommendations regarding the top five list of procedures to avoid in the treatment of viral hepatitis: A position statement from the Brazilian Society of Hepatology endorsed by the Latin American Association for the Study of the liver.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The Choosing Wisely (CW) initiative aims to improve daily practice supported by evidence concerning unnecessary medical tests, procedures, and treatments. This philosophy is essential in managing viral hepatitis (VH), which primary care physicians increasingly carry out. It is also essential to achieving disease elimination. Thus, the aim of our study was to propose evidence-based CW recommendations in VH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Brazilian Society of Hepatology (SBH) formed a panel of experts in VH who selected evidence-based CW recommendations, which were subsequently scrutinized and ranked by all members of SBH using a web-based approach. RESULTS: Five recommendations were chosen in order of importance: 1) do not order anti-HCV testing after achieving sustained virological response; 2) do not request serial HCV viral load to evaluate HCV progression, 3) do not add ribavirin to direct-acting antivirals in non-cirrhotic, naïve HCV patients; 4) do not screen for hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV patients with none to moderate fibrosis (≤ F2); 5) do not request anti-HBs after HBV vaccination, except for children born to HBV-infected mothers, hemodialysis patients, healthcare professionals, people who have had sexual contact with chronic HBV carriers, HIV-positive persons and immunocompromised individuals (hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients or persons receiving chemotherapy). CONCLUSIONS: CW recommendations may help general practitioners adopt a more rational and cost-effective approach in managing patients with VH in Brazil and Latin America, leading to lesser waste or harm to patients.

Trends and spatial distribution of Hepatitis D in the North of Brazil, 2009-2018: an ecological study. / Tendências e distribuição espacial da hepatite D no Norte do Brasil, 2009-2018: um estudo ecológico.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the annual incidence of hepatitis D cases in both Brazil and the Brazilian Northern region between 2009 and 2018. METHODS: This was an ecological study of hepatitis cases notified on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN), analyzed by sex, age groups, and Northern region states. Temporal trend analysis was performed using the Prais-Winsten method to estimate incident rate annual percent change (APC). RESULTS: In the period studied, 2,710 cases were reported in Brazil, 74.5% of them in the Northern region and 71.5% in Amazonas, Acre and Rondonia alone. APC showed a downward trend in Brazil as a whole (-21.6% - 95%CI -3.8;-36.2%), in the Northern region (-28.5% - 95%CI -5.2;-46.1%,), in Amazonas (-34.1% - 95%CI -0.8;-56.2%) and in Acre (-37.6% - 95%CI -18.0;-52.6%). Cases decreased in age groups below 40 years old. CONCLUSION: There was a downward trend in incidence in the Western Amazon, impacting incidence in Brazil as a whole. This fall was led by younger people, probably due to hepatitis B vaccination.

Tendências e distribuição espacial da hepatite D no Norte do Brasil, 2009-2018: um estudo ecológico / Tendencias y distribución espacial de Hepatitis D en el Norte de Brasil, 2009-2018: un estudio ecológico / Trends and spatial distribution of Hepatitis D in the North of Brazil, 2009-2018: an ecological study

Objetivo: Analisar a incidência anual de hepatite D no Brasil e na região Norte, no período 2009-2018. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de casos de hepatite D notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), analisados por sexo, idade e estados do Norte. Realizou-se análise de tendência temporal pelo método de Prais-Winsten, para estimar a variação percentual anual (VPA) das taxas de incidência. Resultados: No período, foram reportados 2.710 casos no Brasil, 74,5% na região Norte e 71,5% somente no Amazonas, Acre e Rondônia. Houve tendência de queda da VPA no país (-21,6% - IC95% -3,8;-36,2%), região Norte (-28,5% - IC95% -5,2;-46,1%,), Amazonas (-34,1% - IC95% -0,8;-56,2%) e Acre (-37,6% - IC95% -18,0;-52,6%). Verificou-se diminuição de casos nos estratos etários abaixo de 40 anos. Conclusão: Houve tendência de queda da incidência de hepatite D na Amazônia Ocidental, que impactou na incidência no país. Essa redução foi puxada pelos mais jovens, provavelmente resultado da vacinação para hepatite B.

Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia anual de casos de hepatitis D en Brasil y en la Región Norte, entre 2009-2018. Métodos: En este estudio ecológico, se utilizaron casos notificados al Sistema Nacional de Agravamiento de de Enfermedades (Sinan), analizados por sexo, edad y estados del Norte. Se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para análisis de la tendencia temporal y el cálculo de la variación porcentual anual (VPA) de tasas de incidencia. Resultados: En el periodo, se notificaron 2.710 casos, siendo 74,5% en el Norte e 71,5% en Amazonas, Acre y Rondônia. Hubo tendencia a disminución de la VPA en Brasil (-21,6% - IC95% -3,8;-36,2%), región Norte (-28,5% - IC95% -5,2;-46,1%,), Amazonas (-34,1% - IC95% -0,8;-56,2%) y Acre (-37,6% - IC95% -18,0;-52,6%). Hubo disminución de casos entre los menores de 40 años. Conclusión: Hubo tendencia a la disminución de la incidencia en la Amazonía Occidental, impactando en la incidencia en Brasil. Esta baja está relacionada con los más jóvenes, probablemente debido a la vacunación contra la hepatitis B.

Objective: To analyze the annual incidence of hepatitis D cases in both Brazil and the Brazilian Northern region between 2009 and 2018. Methods: This was an ecological study of hepatitis cases notified on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN), analyzed by sex, age groups, and Northern region states. Temporal trend analysis was performed using the Prais-Winsten method to estimate incident rate annual percent change (APC). Results: In the period studied, 2,710 cases were reported in Brazil, 74.5% of them in the Northern region and 71.5% in Amazonas, Acre and Rondonia alone. APC showed a downward trend in Brazil as a whole (-21.6% - 95%CI -3.8;-36.2%), in the Northern region (-28.5% - 95%CI -5.2;-46.1%,), in Amazonas (-34.1% - 95%CI -0.8;-56.2%) and in Acre (-37.6% - 95%CI -18.0;-52.6%). Cases decreased in age groups below 40 years old. Conclusion: There was a downward trend in incidence in the Western Amazon, impacting incidence in Brazil as a whole. This fall was led by younger people, probably due to hepatitis B vaccination.

Expression of annexin-A1 in blood and tissue leukocytes of leprosy patients.

INTRODUCTION: In leprosy, immune system mediators that regulate the infectious process act in a complex manner and can lead to several clinical outcomes. To understand the behavior of these mediators we quantified the expression of annexin-A1 (ANXA1) in the peripheral blood and plasma as well as tissue leukocytes in all clinical forms of leprosy and compared with healthy controls. METHODS: Seventy healthy controls and 70 patients with leprosy, tuberculoid (TT) (n = 13), borderline tuberculoid (BT) (n = 15), borderline borderline (BB) (n = 13), borderline lepromatous (BL) (n = 15), and lepromatous leprosy (LL) (n = 14), were selected. Phenotyping of the lymphocyte cells and the intracellular expression of ANXA1 in leukocytes was performed by immunofluorescence. Plasma protein levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Histiocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the skin of BL and LL patients had higher ANXA1 expression. ANXA1 expression was also high in circulating polymorphonuclear, monocytes, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the blood of LL patients compared to those of TT, BT, BB, and BL patients, and these levels were similar to those in healthy controls. Plasma ANXA1 levels indicate an increase in paracrine release in patients with LL. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that ANXA1 expression is enhanced in the leukocytes and plasma of patients with LL, and may contribute to the inhibition of leukocyte action, leading to inadequate functioning of the immune system and thus contributing to the spread of M. leprae infection.

Prevalence of hepatitis B and D virus infection in a district of Mato Grosso, bordering Amazonas and Rondônia states.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil's western Amazon basin has the highest prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the country. Coinfection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) is also endemic. To estimate the prevalence of HBV and HDV markers in a population inhabiting the northwest portion of Mato Grosso state in the western Amazon. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence of antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) in the Três Fronteiras District northwest of Mato Grosso. Anti-HBc-positive subjects were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Those positive for this marker were tested for HDV antibodies. Anti-HBc-negative participants were tested for anti-HBsAg. All tests were performed by EIA. RESULTS: A total of 623 individuals in the community were assessed; the majority (67.6%) were male, with a mean age of 30.8 ± 15.4 years. Two hundred and fourteen individuals (34.3%) were anti-HBc-positive, and 47 (7.5%) were HBsAg carriers. Only one individual was anti-HDV-positive. Among the 409 individuals without HBV infection, 18.3% were anti-HBsAg-positive. There was no association between HBV infection and known risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study area had intermediate-to-high endemicity for HBV infection, but a low prevalence of HDV. Our serological results suggesting low vaccination-induced protection indicate a need for reinforced immunization programs in the populations of northwest Mato Grosso.

Syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis: spatial pattern and relationship with social determinants of health in Mato Grosso.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing incidence of syphilis among pregnant women (PS) and congenital syphilis (CS) has negatively affected maternal-child health in Brazil. The spatial approach to diseases with social indicators improves knowledge of health situations. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of incidences, identify the priority areas for infection control actions, and analyze the relationship of PS and CS clusters with social determinants of health in Mato Grosso. METHODS: This is an ecological study with data from different health information systems. After data procedure linkage, we analyzed the Bayesian incidences of triennial infections during specific periods. We performed SATSCAN screenings to identify spatiotemporal clusters. Further, we verified the differences between the clusters and indicators using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: The variations in PS incidence were 0.9-20.5/1,000 live births (LB), 0.6-46.3/1,000 LB, and 2.1-23.2/1,000 LB in the first, second, and last triennium, respectively; for CS, the variations were 0-7.1/1,000 LB, 0-7.5/1,000 LB, and 0.3-10.8/1,000 LB in the first, second, and last triennium, respectively. Three clusters each were identified for PS (RR=2.02; RR=0.30; RR=21.45, p<0.0001) and CS (RR=3.55; RR=0.10; RR=0.26, p<0.0001). The high-risk clusters overlapped in time-space; CS incidence was associated with municipalities with a higher proportion of LB mothers of race/non-white color and with poor sanitary conditions, lower proportion of pregnant teenagers, and under 8 years of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the spatiotemporal evolution of PS and CS incidences and the extension of areas with persistent infections indicate the need for monitoring, especially of priority areas in the state.

Universal hepatitis A vaccination in Brazil: analysis of vaccination coverage and incidence five years after program implementation. / Vacinação universal contra hepatite A no Brasil: análise da cobertura vacinal e da incidência cinco anos após a implantação do programa.

INTRODUCTION: In 2014, Brazil introduced a universal immunization program against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) for children in the second year of life, using a single dose of inactivated virus vaccine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccination coverage (VC) against HAV in Brazil, against the incidence of cases reported five years after the implementation of the program. METHODOLOGY: Secondary data were obtained by searching free access electronic sites of the Ministry of Health, Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - DATASUS), for incidence analysis and VC from 2014 to 2018. RESULTS: VC ranged from 60.13 to 97.07%. The homogeneity of VC against hepatitis A did not reach the established goal throughout all states but for a few exceptions. After 2015, CV decreased in all regions of the country. Despite insufficient coverage, a concomitant reduction in the incidence of Hepatitis A took place throughout the country. The incidence rate fell from 3.29 to 0.80/100,000 between 2014 and 2018. However, there was an interruption in the pace of incidence fall between 2017 and 2018, which may be a consequence of insufficient VC. This phenomenon seems to be part of a widespread downward trend in vaccination effort across the country, also verified for other vaccines, such as poliomyelitis and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. CONCLUSION: These figures suggest the need for implementing efforts to improve hepatitis A VC rates in the country.

Is the aging of acute hepatitis B occurring in Brazil? / Está ocorrendo envelhecimento da hepatite B aguda no Brasil?

Introduction: The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been declining nationwide throughout Brazil since the introduction of universal child vaccination. The vaccine is currently available for all ages. However, most of the adult population has not been vaccinated and may still be susceptible to it. Most of the cases reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN) are chronic, a consequence of early exposure in life. However, acute cases are the result of current transmission and may reveal the current dynamics of HBV circulation. Objective: To evaluate whether there is a change in the age distribution of acute hepatitis B in Brazil. Methods: To analyze the historical series of reported cases and incidence rates of acute hepatitis B by age group between 2007 and 2018, based on data reported to SINAN. Temporal trend was tested with non-parametric Cusick test. Results: The incidence rate fell from 1.02 (/ 100,000 inhabitants) in 2007 to 0.67 in 2018 (p=0.01). The drop was significant at all ages, except under 15 and over 60. The highest incidences (@1.0 / 100,000 inhab.) occurred between 20 and 59 years old. Conclusion: There is a progressive "aging" of acute hepatitis B cases in the country, probably due to the vaccine protection of younger people. A considerable portion of the older population is susceptible to HBV and may be exposed, especially by sexual route. Control measures such as vaccination and guidance for safe sex are needed.

Introdução: A prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) vem diminuindo em todo o Brasil desde a introdução da vacinação universal de crianças. Atualmente a vacina está disponível para todas as idades, porém a maior parte da população brasileira não foi vacinada e pode ainda ser suscetível. A maioria dos casos notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) é crônica, consequência de contágio antigo. Contudo os casos agudos são fruto de transmissão atual e podem revelar-nos a dinâmica atual da circulação do HBV. Objetivo: Avaliar se há mudança na distribuição etária da incidência da hepatite B aguda no Brasil. Métodos: Analisar a série histórica de casos notificados e as taxas de incidência de hepatite B aguda por faixa etária entre 2007 e 2018, tendo como base os dados notificados ao SINAN. Testar tendência temporal pelo teste não paramétrico de Cusick. Resultados: Houve queda da taxa de incidência de 1,02 (/100.000 hab.), em 2007, para 0,67, em 2018 (p=0,01). A queda foi significativa em todas as idades, exceto abaixo dos 15 e acima dos 60 anos. As maiores incidências (@1,0/100.000 hab.) ocorreram entre 20 e 59 anos. Conclusão: Há progressivo "envelhecimento" dos casos agudos de hepatite B no país, provavelmente pela proteção dos mais jovens por vacina. Parcela considerável da população mais idosa é suscetível ao HBV e continua exposta, principalmente por via sexual. São necessárias medidas de controle, como vacinação e orientação para prática de sexo seguro.

Incidence of acute hepatitis C in Brazil: temporal trend of cases notified between 2007 and 2018 / Incidência de hepatite C aguda no Brasil: tendência temporal dos casos notificados entre 2007­2018

Introduction: With the improvement of biosafety and quality of blood products, hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission decreased in Brazil. Analyzing temporal trends in the incidence of acute cases may indicate how current HCV circulation is. Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of acute hepatitis C cases from 2007 to 2018. Methods: Analysis of reported cases of acute hepatitis C, using data from the National System of Notifiable Diseases (Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação ­ SINAN) and the Health Surveillance Department, Ministry of Health. The non-parametric Cusick test was applied to analyze temporal trend. Results: 6,199 cases of acute HCV were reported between 2007 and 2018. The annual incidence rate ranged from 0.17 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2007 at 0.28 (2018) (p=0.005). Regarding the age group, the trend of increased notifications was significant in individuals <5 years (p=0.025) and >40 years (p=0.008) of age. Conclusion: Despite the few acute cases reported annually, there has been an increase in recent years, especially in age extremes. Cases in >40 years may mean that some of them are not new, but chronic infections, or because of the growing importance of sexual transmission as a consequence of relaxation in safe sex. Despite possible inconsistencies and weaknesses in the notification systems, these numbers are of concern, justifying efforts to review cases for better classification and clarification of contagion routes

Introdução: Com a melhoria da biossegurança e qualidade dos hemoderivados, houve queda da transmissão do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) no Brasil. Analisar tendência temporal da incidência de casos agudos pode indicar como está a circulação do HCV atualmente. Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal dos casos de hepatite C aguda entre 2007 e 2018 no país. Métodos: Análise de casos notificados de hepatite C aguda, utilizando dados do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, do Ministério da Saúde. Teste não paramétrico de Cusick foi aplicado para analisar tendência temporal. Resultados: Foram notificados 6.199 casos de hepatice C aguda entre 2007 e 2018. A taxa de incidência anual variou de 0,17 casos por 100 mil habitantes em 2007 a 0,28 (2018) (p=0,005). Quanto à faixa etária, tendência de aumento de notificações mostrou-se significativa em indivíduos <5 anos (p=0,025) e >40 anos (p=0,008). Conclusão: Apesar dos poucos casos agudos notificados anualmente, houve aumento em anos recentes, especialmente nos extremos etários. Os casos em >40 anos podem significar que alguns deles não sejam infecções novas, mas crônicas ou por crescente importância da transmissão sexual, como consequência de relaxamento quanto à prática de sexo seguro. Em que se pesem as possíveis inconsistências e fragilidades nos sistemas de notificação, esses números trazem preocupação, justificando esforços para revisão dos casos para melhor classificação e esclarecimentos das rotas de contágio.

Syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis: spatial pattern and relationship with social determinants of health in Mato Grosso

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The increasing incidence of syphilis among pregnant women (PS) and congenital syphilis (CS) has negatively affected maternal-child health in Brazil. The spatial approach to diseases with social indicators improves knowledge of health situations. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of incidences, identify the priority areas for infection control actions, and analyze the relationship of PS and CS clusters with social determinants of health in Mato Grosso. METHODS: This is an ecological study with data from different health information systems. After data procedure linkage, we analyzed the Bayesian incidences of triennial infections during specific periods. We performed SATSCAN screenings to identify spatiotemporal clusters. Further, we verified the differences between the clusters and indicators using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: The variations in PS incidence were 0.9-20.5/1,000 live births (LB), 0.6-46.3/1,000 LB, and 2.1-23.2/1,000 LB in the first, second, and last triennium, respectively; for CS, the variations were 0-7.1/1,000 LB, 0-7.5/1,000 LB, and 0.3-10.8/1,000 LB in the first, second, and last triennium, respectively. Three clusters each were identified for PS (RR=2.02; RR=0.30; RR=21.45, p<0.0001) and CS (RR=3.55; RR=0.10; RR=0.26, p<0.0001). The high-risk clusters overlapped in time-space; CS incidence was associated with municipalities with a higher proportion of LB mothers of race/non-white color and with poor sanitary conditions, lower proportion of pregnant teenagers, and under 8 years of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the spatiotemporal evolution of PS and CS incidences and the extension of areas with persistent infections indicate the need for monitoring, especially of priority areas in the state.

Prevalence of hepatitis B and D virus infection in a district of Mato Grosso, bordering Amazonas and Rondônia states

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brazil's western Amazon basin has the highest prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the country. Coinfection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) is also endemic. To estimate the prevalence of HBV and HDV markers in a population inhabiting the northwest portion of Mato Grosso state in the western Amazon. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence of antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) in the Três Fronteiras District northwest of Mato Grosso. Anti-HBc-positive subjects were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Those positive for this marker were tested for HDV antibodies. Anti-HBc-negative participants were tested for anti-HBsAg. All tests were performed by EIA. RESULTS: A total of 623 individuals in the community were assessed; the majority (67.6%) were male, with a mean age of 30.8 ± 15.4 years. Two hundred and fourteen individuals (34.3%) were anti-HBc-positive, and 47 (7.5%) were HBsAg carriers. Only one individual was anti-HDV-positive. Among the 409 individuals without HBV infection, 18.3% were anti-HBsAg-positive. There was no association between HBV infection and known risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study area had intermediate-to-high endemicity for HBV infection, but a low prevalence of HDV. Our serological results suggesting low vaccination-induced protection indicate a need for reinforced immunization programs in the populations of northwest Mato Grosso.

Expression of annexin-A1 in blood and tissue leukocytes of leprosy patients

Abstract INTRODUCTION In leprosy, immune system mediators that regulate the infectious process act in a complex manner and can lead to several clinical outcomes. To understand the behavior of these mediators we quantified the expression of annexin-A1 (ANXA1) in the peripheral blood and plasma as well as tissue leukocytes in all clinical forms of leprosy and compared with healthy controls. METHODS Seventy healthy controls and 70 patients with leprosy, tuberculoid (TT) (n = 13), borderline tuberculoid (BT) (n = 15), borderline borderline (BB) (n = 13), borderline lepromatous (BL) (n = 15), and lepromatous leprosy (LL) (n = 14), were selected. Phenotyping of the lymphocyte cells and the intracellular expression of ANXA1 in leukocytes was performed by immunofluorescence. Plasma protein levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Histiocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the skin of BL and LL patients had higher ANXA1 expression. ANXA1 expression was also high in circulating polymorphonuclear, monocytes, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the blood of LL patients compared to those of TT, BT, BB, and BL patients, and these levels were similar to those in healthy controls. Plasma ANXA1 levels indicate an increase in paracrine release in patients with LL. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that ANXA1 expression is enhanced in the leukocytes and plasma of patients with LL, and may contribute to the inhibition of leukocyte action, leading to inadequate functioning of the immune system and thus contributing to the spread of M. leprae infection.

Vacinação universal contra hepatite A no Brasil: análise da cobertura vacinal e da incidência cinco anos após a implantação do programa / Universal hepatitis A vaccination in Brazil: analysis of vaccination coverage and incidence five years after program implementation

RESUMO: Introdução: Em 2014, o Brasil introduziu programa de imunização universal contra o vírus da hepatite A (HAV) para crianças no segundo ano de vida, por meio de dose única da vacina de vírus inativado. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a cobertura vacinal (CV) contra o HAV no Brasil, diante da incidência de casos notificados cinco anos após a implantação do programa. Metodologia: Dados secundários foram obtidos pesquisando-se sítios eletrônicos de acesso livre do Ministério da Saúde, Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), para análise de incidência e CV. Resultados: A CV variou entre 60,13 e 97,07%. A homogeneidade da CV contra hepatite A nos estados ficou aquém da meta estabelecida. Após 2015, houve queda da CV em todas as regiões do país. Apesar da cobertura insuficiente, houve redução concomitante da incidência da hepatite A em todo o Brasil. A taxa de incidência caiu de 3,29 para 0,80/100 mil entre 2014 e 2018. No entanto, ocorreu diminuição da velocidade de queda da incidência entre 2017 e 2018, o que pode ser consequência dos percentuais insuficientes de CV. Esse fenômeno parece acompanhar tendência geral de enfraquecimento do esforço vacinal no país, verificado também para outras vacinas, como poliomielite e tríplice viral. Conclusão: Esses números sugerem a necessidade de esforços para melhorar as taxas de CV da hepatite A no país.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In 2014, Brazil introduced a universal immunization program against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) for children in the second year of life, using a single dose of inactivated virus vaccine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccination coverage (VC) against HAV in Brazil, against the incidence of cases reported five years after the implementation of the program. Methodology: Secondary data were obtained by searching free access electronic sites of the Ministry of Health, Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - DATASUS), for incidence analysis and VC from 2014 to 2018. Results: VC ranged from 60.13 to 97.07%. The homogeneity of VC against hepatitis A did not reach the established goal throughout all states but for a few exceptions. After 2015, CV decreased in all regions of the country. Despite insufficient coverage, a concomitant reduction in the incidence of Hepatitis A took place throughout the country. The incidence rate fell from 3.29 to 0.80/100,000 between 2014 and 2018. However, there was an interruption in the pace of incidence fall between 2017 and 2018, which may be a consequence of insufficient VC. This phenomenon seems to be part of a widespread downward trend in vaccination effort across the country, also verified for other vaccines, such as poliomyelitis and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Conclusion: These figures suggest the need for implementing efforts to improve hepatitis A VC rates in the country.

Hepatitis C disease burden and strategies for elimination by 2030 in Brazil. A mathematical modeling approach

ABSTRACT Introduction and aim: Hepatitis C is a key challenge to public health in Brazil. The objective of this paper was to describe the Brazilian strategy for hepatitis C to meet the 2030 elimination goal proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: A mathematical modeling approach was used to estimate the current HCV-infected Brazilian population, and to evaluate the relative costs of two different scenarios to address HCV disease burden in Brazil: (1) if no further changes are made to the HCV treatment program in Brazil; (2) where the WHO targets for 2030 elimination are met through diagnosis and treatment efforts peaking before 2024. Results: An anti-HCV prevalence of 0.53% was calculated for the total population. It was estimated that the number of HCV-RNA+ individuals in Brazil in 2017 was 632,000 (0.31% of the population). Scale-up of treatment and diagnosis over time will be necessary in order to achieve WHO targets beginning in 2018. Direct costs (diagnostic, treatment and healthcare costs) are projected to increase significantly during the scale-up of treatment and diagnosis in the initial years of the intervention scenario, but then fall below the base case on an annual basis by 2025-2036, once HCV is eliminated, due to health sectors savings from the prevention of HCV liver-related morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: Achieving the WHO targets is technically feasible in Brazil with a scale-up of treatment and diagnosis over time, beginning in 2018. However, elimination of hepatitis C requires policy changes to substantially scale-up prevention, screening and treatment of HCV, together with public health advocacy to raise awareness among affected populations and healthcare providers.

Hepatitis C disease burden and strategies for elimination by 2030 in Brazil. A mathematical modeling approach.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Hepatitis C is a key challenge to public health in Brazil. The objective of this paper was to describe the Brazilian strategy for hepatitis C to meet the 2030 elimination goal proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). METHODS: A mathematical modeling approach was used to estimate the current HCV-infected Brazilian population, and to evaluate the relative costs of two different scenarios to address HCV disease burden in Brazil: (1) if no further changes are made to the HCV treatment program in Brazil; (2) where the WHO targets for 2030 elimination are met through diagnosis and treatment efforts peaking before 2024. RESULTS: An anti-HCV prevalence of 0.53% was calculated for the total population. It was estimated that the number of HCV-RNA+ individuals in Brazil in 2017 was 632,000 (0.31% of the population). Scale-up of treatment and diagnosis over time will be necessary in order to achieve WHO targets beginning in 2018. Direct costs (diagnostic, treatment and healthcare costs) are projected to increase significantly during the scale-up of treatment and diagnosis in the initial years of the intervention scenario, but then fall below the base case on an annual basis by 2025-2036, once HCV is eliminated, due to health sectors savings from the prevention of HCV liver-related morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSION: Achieving the WHO targets is technically feasible in Brazil with a scale-up of treatment and diagnosis over time, beginning in 2018. However, elimination of hepatitis C requires policy changes to substantially scale-up prevention, screening and treatment of HCV, together with public health advocacy to raise awareness among affected populations and healthcare providers.

Impact of the single-dose universal mass vaccination strategy against hepatitis A in Brazil.

Universal vaccination of children against hepatitis A was introduced in 2014 in Brazil as a single-dose schedule. We analyzed the numbers of reported cases of hepatitis A virus infection (HAV) from 2010 to 2017 to evaluate the initial impact of that intervention. Data were assessed and has been freely available on the Brazilian Ministry of Health website. The HAV incidence was steady around 6000 cases per year until 2014. Between 2014 and 2016, there was a 85.5% cumulative drop, independent of gender and geographical macroregions. The fall was especially significant among toddlers (96.8%). In 2017, cases increased due to an outbreak among male adults in São Paulo. Decrease in incidence continued to occur for females and for those under 15 years of age. Data show that there was a significant decrease in HAV cases number in Brazil from 2015 after the introduction of single-dose HAV vaccine program.

Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in two hospitals in Central Brazil: the role of ST730 and ST162 in clinical outcomes.

PURPOSE: Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections. The characteristics of A. baumannii at two hospitals in a city in Central Brazil are described by analysing the phenotypes and molecular profiles of isolates recovered from 87 patients. METHODOLOGY: The isolates were identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the the Bact/Alert 3D and Vitek2 methods. Patients' clinical data were obtained from medical files. Genes associated with resistance to carbapenems were analysed by multilocus sequence typing, clinical and bacteriological variables were analysed by descriptive statistics, and logistic models were generated to adjust the associations. RESULTS: Sixty-four (73.5 %) out of 87 A. baumannii isolates analysed were from patients in intensive care. The mortality rate was 43.7 %. Eighty (91.9 %) isolates were resistant to imipenem and 86 were susceptible to colistin (98.8 %). The blaOXA-23 gene (78.2 %) and its upstream insertion ISAba1 (55.2 %) were predominant, followed by blaOXA-24 (55.2 %) and blaOXA-143 (28.7 %). The blaOXA-23 gene and ISAba1 were independently associated with resistance to imipenem (P<0.05). There were 13 different sequence types (STs) among the 35 isolates. ST1 (nine; 25.7 %), ST162 (eight; 22.8 %) and ST730 (six; 17.1 %) were the most common, and four new STs were identified. The isolates were grouped into five clonal complexes (CC1, CC15, CC79, CC108 and CC162) plus a singleton using eburst. CONCLUSION: Respiratory infection, age >60 years and use of noradrenaline were factors associated with fatality. ST730 (CC79) was associated with higher mortality (P<0.05) and ST162 (CC162) was associated with increased survival probability (P<0.05).